Hello Matthias, sorry to resurrect a thread this old. But I am curious to know if you ever completely solved this issue, or if you are still having trouble.
I too am having a lot of problems, namely with Intel branded Dual Band N-XXXX wireless on HP tablets. Your issue seems nightmarishly familiar. Doesn't seem to matter which Intel card it is. Also, while Googling around I found a lot of unhappy users ("we will sue you", "I will eat your first born", etc) in the Intel community forums with dropping issues. None of them are running any of the same AP's or wireless routers. And a lot of them "fixed it" by installing a different NIC! I am getting some relief by disabling all by b/g bands.
I have
a long running thread here if you were interested or wanted to commiserate.